Недавно я начал блог посвящен к психологии. В данный момент большая часть из статей производятся на английском языке. Несмотря на это, все цитаты написаны на русском языке и стараюсь переводить текст. Если кто-нибудь здесь желает практиковать английский язык в контексте психологии, может быть это будет интересным.
Первая часть
С. С. Мнухин, Д. Н. Исаев – (My Commentary)Asperger’s Characteristics:
In this article we will explore what two psychiatrists based in the USSR had to say about what we used to refer to as Asperger’s Syndrome. All quotes are below and my own comments follow.
“Обращает на себя внимание в первую очередь моторная неловкость большинства из них, неуклюжая манера держаться, а затем странная, достигающая иногда степени нелепости форма обращения с окружающими. “С. С. Мнухин
“In the first place our attention is drawn towards the motor clumsiness – evident in the majority of them – an awkwardness in behaviour and a strange manner of relating to others (sometimes bordering absurdity.”
The first comment is made in reference to some case histories already described in the same essay.
“Некоторые из них не обнаруживают грубых дефектов интеллекта, у большинства же отмечаются своеобразные нарушения интеллекта и мышления – того типа нарушения, которые неоднократно обрисовывались нами, как характерные для больных с общего психического недоразвития.”
“Some of them do not manifest blatant defects of intellectual development – the majority do show various deviations in intellect and reasoning – that type of deviation repeatedly described by us as typical of Asthenic Personality Disorder.”
(Comment)The above observation is of much interest. Asthenic Personality Disorder involves lack of motivation, fatigue and often prolonged sleep. Here it is quoted in reference to autism as one of the traits observed. It is also pointed out the intellectual defects were connected to thought processing. Austrian psychiatrist Hans Asperger had already addressed this factor as an obstacle in normal education and noted his autistic children responded poorly to traditional teaching methods.
“У них отмечались, в частности, затрудненное овладение элементарными школьными навыками -чтением, письмом, особенно счетом, длительная дезориентировка в сторонах своего тела, недостаточность во временных и пространственных представлениях, затрудненное выполнение действий, состоящих из последовательных актов.”
“It was noted that many of them manifested difficulties in grasping school subjects, such as reading and writing and especially maths. They struggled to differentiate their left from right side and showed defects in spatial, time-related awareness. They found it difficult to follow through on actions undertaken.”
Here, it is again stressed that classroom subjects are an obstacle for those with this kind of autism. In this case maths was the main problem noted. Difficulties related to maths are also thought to be connected to defects in spatial awareness and time-orientation. One good way to test spatial/time orientation is through simple ping-pong. A person with motor impairment would struggle to “negotiate” the ball. The final point (stressed more often in the USSR studies) is that these children struggled to maintain a start and finish approach to any routine tasks but see below for more on this.
“Далее, характерным для всей группы представляются склонность к бесплодному мудрствованию, странному, иногда совершенно неуместному рассуждательству, стремлению задавать ненужные вопросы, произносить обличительные речи.”
“Further, very characteristic for this group is a tendency to engage in pointless philosophising and strange, inappropriate reasoning. There is a tendency to ask unnecessary questions and make denunciatory speeches.”
Here it is perhaps a little hasty to dismiss these thought processes as “pointless”. This is where Hans Asperger (in his own work) seems to have grasped the finer details of “different perspectives” (related to these children). In fact, Asperger would have attributed the “unnecessary questions” to a pronounced aspect of individualism present with autism. Asperger noted that his patients had a very strong sense of individual approach to problem solving. Sometimes this was excessive and led to dismissal of an established method. Sometimes it led to a whole new approach. According to Asperger the balance had to be optimum since too much individualism would totally cut off knowledge from the outside.
“У многих из них отмечаются односторонние увлечения то марками автомашин, то календарями, то географическими картами и др. Однако все эти увлечения оказываются малопродуктивными и редко приводят к полезным результатам.”
“Many of them stand out for their one-sided interests such as noting down makes of cars or dates or geography maps. However, all these particular interests turn out to be unproductive and rarely lead to any positive result.”
The so-called “special interests” taken up by autistic children (and adults) is well documented. Again, Hans Asperger was more positive in his appraisal. He made it very clear many of these particular interests led to outstanding achievements in sciences or music. However, Asperger made one distinction: He divided the autistic children into groupings of interests – depending upon intellectual capacity. The lower functioning children tended to mostly collect information such as statistics and dates or items. The more intellectual autistic children actually analysed their subject matter so would go on in later life to be chemists or biologists or experts in some field.
“почти у всех больных этой группы отмечаются не менее ярко выраженные тенденции к фантазированию. Характерно, что иногда некоторые из фантазий настолько завладевают ими, что они почти выключаются из реальной обстановки и «разыгрывают» целые сцены «участия в боях», «погони за бандитами», «убегания от преследователей, великанов». В большинстве случаев это фантастика по содержанию бедна.”
“Almost all of the patients in this group stand out for their no less evident tendency to fantasise. It is not untypical sometimes for some of the fantasies to gain such a hold of them that they disconnect from reality. They then act out whole scenarios, participation in battles, chasing bandits, running from pursuers or giants. In the majority of cases the fantasy is very basic.”
“Будучи интеллектуально ограниченными, они в большинстве случаев обладают неплохой речью, хорошей механической памятью и неожиданно обращают на себя внимание сложными, а иногда и витиеватыми обращениями либо формулировками, часто более или менее уместными.”
“Given they are somewhat limited in intellect, in the majority of cases their verbal communication is rather good and they have strong mechanical memory. Attention is surprisingly drawn towards their complex sentence structure and form of speech which is more or ;ess often appropriate.”
It’s interesting the patients are being viewed as intellectually limited and that their complex speech and excellent memory is dismissed as purely mechanical. This conception was apparently reflected in the comments of Leo Kanner. Years later, the stereotype of autistic children (and adults) as “information gatherers” who lack “deeper understanding” has persisted.
Одной из важнейших особенностей этих больных является недостаточность психического напряжения, отсутствие мало-мальски выраженной целеустремленности в поведении, зависимость их поведения от случайных внешних раздражителей, повышенная насыщаемость и истощаемость.”
“One of the most striking peculiarities of these patients is the lack of psychological animation, lack of the slightest expressed purpose, reflected by behaviour. There is also a detachment from external influence or inspiration, as well as overall exhaustion.”
The comment above I have seldom seen in western essays on Asperger’s Syndrome but it is actually very accurate and needs much deeper investigation. Some high-functioning autistics lack a stated purpose, order or precise drive that would motivate their activity. Therefore, their activity may be non-sequential or seemingly disorganised. There may also be sleep irregularities, sometimes sleeping more than normal or having odd sleep patterns.